NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme present in all living cells that facilitates crucial biological processes by transferring electrons in redox reactions. It plays a central role in cellular energy production by aiding in the conversion of nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration, particularly in the electron transport chain. Additionally, NAD+ is involved in DNA repair and maintenance, supporting the activity of enzymes responsible for repairing damaged DNA and responding to cellular stress. It also activates sirtuins, a group of proteins that regulate aging, metabolism, and cellular stress responses. Furthermore, NAD+ influences various metabolic pathways and contributes to the regulation of circadian rhythms, immune function, and neuroprotection, highlighting its importance in maintaining overall cellular health and longevity.

• Energy Production: NAD+ acts as an electron transporter, helping cells convert food into energy

• DNA Repair: A constant supply of NAD+ activates PARPs, which detect and repair damaged DNA

• Gene Expression: NAD+ increases sirtuin activity (known as "superhero genes"), which boosts metabolism, reduces inflammation, extends cell life, and prevents neurodegeneration

• Neurotransmitter: NAD+ is released from smooth muscle, neurosecretory cells, and brain synaptosomes for cell-to-cell communication

• Regulation of Metabolism: NAD+ is involved in various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation, affecting overall energy balance and metabolism

• Redox Reactions: NAD+ is central to redox reactions, where it alternates between its oxidized form (NAD+) and its reduced form (NADH). By accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms, NAD+ becomes NADH, which then donates these electrons to various biochemical pathways. This redox cycling is vital for maintaining cellular redox balance, influencing processes such as metabolism, detoxification, and signaling